Troughs

Standard trough size is 150x510 = 76500 mm square and total volume of subphase is 1050 cm cube (1,05 liter).

Figure 3 Standard trough

The length of the well is 115 mm, width 35 mm and depth 100 mm.

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Special troughs

A zero-order trough consists of a reaction compartment and a reservoir compartment separated with a glass bridge just underneath the water surface. The bridge prevents mixing of the subphases of the two compartments.

Figure 4. Zero-order trough

The enzymes or molecules are injected into the subphase of the reaction compartment.

Figure 5. Injection of molecules

The adsorbed molecules increase the surface pressure of the monolayer and if the pressure is being kept constant by moving the barrier the rate of the adsorption and the number of molecules adsorbed can be calculated.

With KSV conductivity trough one can measure the lateral conductivities of monolayer films on water. Due to the glass bridge the electrical resistance between the electrodes is increased so much that one can easily measure films whose conductivity is better than one S/cm. The only restriction is that one must use highly purified water as a subphase and preferable the measurements should be made in CO2 free atmosphere.

Figure 6. KSV conductivity trough

Figure 7. Microscopy trough

KSV Microscopy trough is mainly used with KSV Minitrough system and can be mounted (the whole system) on a microscope stage. Using mixed monolayers with fluorescent dyes one can observe the possible phase separation of the different substances through the quartz window on the bottom of the trough.

Trough for surface potential measurements

When measuring the surface potential of a floating monolayer it is very important to have as much space as possible to compress the monolayer because the surface potential of water/monolayer/air interface usually begins to change when the area/molecule in the film is still quite large. This is why the most suitable shape for a trough for these measurements is long and narrow.

Figure 7. Trough for surface potential measurements

KSV's trough for surface potential measurements also has a support for the counter electrode.

KSV alternate multilayer trough consists of two individually operated compartments separated with a clean surface compartment.

Figure 8. Alternate multilayer trough

With a novel, special dipping mechanism, which can be incorporated as an option to KSV 5000 series of instruments, one can build alternating X,Y and Z-type multilayers with two different films.

Interfacial Trough

KSV offers an interfacial trough which allows studying films formed at a liquid/liquid interface. Details available on request.

Custom Troughs

KSV Instruments has produced dozens of custom troughs with a broad range of specifications and design modifications, ranging from troughs capable of dipping one square meter substrates to multicompartment microtroughs for studying enzyme kinetics. If you have heard about a variation of LB trough, KSV has probably made a few. If you'd like someone to produce something that's never been made, KSV's design team is the first call you should make.

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